Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where blood pressure consistently exceeds 130/80 mmHg. It is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke, affecting nearly 48.1% of American adults, with many unaware they have it. Despite the availability of over 214 medications across 10 major classes, only 20% of patients achieve proper blood pressure control.
Blood pressure readings consist of two numbers:
- Systolic pressure (top number) measures the force exerted on artery walls when the heart contracts.
- Diastolic pressure (bottom number) measures the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.
Causes of Hypertension
Hypertension can be primary (genetic) or result from lifestyle factors, including:
- Smoking, excessive alcohol intake, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
- Stress, sleep apnea, kidney disease, high-salt diet
- Certain medications, including oral contraceptives
Many people live with undiagnosed hypertension due to the body’s ability to adapt to gradual changes. Symptoms such as headaches, blurry vision, and chest pain typically appear only in severe cases requiring urgent medical attention. This is why hypertension is often called “The Silent Killer.”
Diagnosing Hypertension
Accurate blood pressure measurement can be challenging, even in clinical settings. Diagnosis requires two or more readings above 130/80 mmHg. Factors affecting readings include:
- Cuff size: Incorrect cuff sizes can lead to inaccurate readings.
- Device validation: Use validated monitors (see www.validatebp.org).
- Measurement conditions: Avoid eating, caffeine, and exertion before testing.
Tips for Accurate Home Monitoring
- Use a validated upper-arm blood pressure monitor.
- Choose the correct cuff size (measure arm circumference for accuracy). The bladder length of the cuff should be 75%-100% of your arm circumference. Many people require a large-size cuff for accurate readings.
- Sit calmly for five minutes before measuring.
- Keep your back supported, feet flat, and arm at heart level.
- Avoid talking or moving during measurement.
Knowing your blood pressure is crucial for your health—monitor regularly and take control!